Control System
Control System
how does the endocrine control system work?
I am trying to figure out how a normal stimulus and disturbances affect the system if maintained over long time.
The endocrine system is a system of glands, each of which secretes a type of hormone to regulate the body. The endocrine system is an information signal system much like the nervous system. Hormones regulate many functions of an organism, including mood, growth and development, tissue function, and metabolism. The field of study that deals with disorders of endocrine glands is endocrinology, a branch of the wider field of internal medicine.
Contents [hide]
1 Types of signaling
1.1 Endocrine
1.2 Autocrine
1.3 Paracrine
1.4 Juxtacrine
2 Table of endocrine glands and secreted hormones discovered
2.1 Pineal body (epiphysis)
2.2 Pituitary Gland (hypophysis)
2.2.1 Anterior pituitary lobe (adenohypophysis)
2.2.2 Posterior pituitary lobe (neurohypophysis)
2.2.3 Intermediate pituitary lobe (pars intermedia)
2.3 Thyroid
2.4 Parathyroid
2.5 Heart
2.6 Bone Marrow
2.7 Skin
2.8 Adipose tissue
2.9 Stomach
2.10 Duodenum
2.11 Liver
2.12 Pancreas
2.13 Kidney
2.14 Adrenal glands
2.14.1 Adrenal cortex
2.14.2 Adrenal medulla
2.15 Testes
2.16 Ovarian follicle / Corpus luteum
2.17 Placenta (when pregnant)
2.18 Uterus (when pregnant)
3 Diseases
4 See also
5 References
[edit] Types of signaling
The typical mode of cell signaling in the endocrine system is endocrine signaling. However, there are also other modes, i.e., paracrine, autocrine, and neuroendocrine signaling.[1] Purely neurocrine signaling between neurons, on the other hand, belongs completely to the nervous system.
[edit] Endocrine
The endocrine system is made up of a series of ductless glands that produce chemicals called hormones. A number of glands that signal each other in sequence is usually referred to as an axis, for example, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Typical endocrine glands are the pituitary, thyroid, and adrenal glands. Features of endocrine glands are, in general, their ductless nature, their vascularity, and usually the presence of intracellular vacuoles or granules storing their hormones. In contrast, exocrine glands, such as salivary glands, sweat glands, and glands within the gastrointestinal tract, tend to be much less vascular and have ducts or a hollow lumen. Also controls metabolism in our body system.
[edit] Autocrine
Main article: Autocrine signalling
Autocrine signaling is a form of signaling in which a cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger (called the autocrine agent) that binds to autocrine receptors on the same cell, leading to changes in the cells.
[edit] Paracrine
Main article: Paracrine signalling
Paracrine signaling is a form of cell signaling in which the target cell is near the signal-releasing cell.
[edit] Juxtacrine
Main article: Juxtacrine signalling
juxtacrine signaling is a type of intercellular communication that is transmitted via oligosaccharide, lipid, or protein components of a cell membrane, and may affect either the emitting cell or the immediately-adjacent cells.
It occurs between adjacent cells that possess broad patches of closely-opposed plasma membrane linked by transmembrane channels known as connexons. The gap between the cells can usually be between only 2 and 4 nm.
Unlike other types of cell signaling (such as paracrine and endocrine), juxtacrine signaling requires physical contact between the two cells involved.
Juxtacrine signaling has been observed for some growth factors, cytokine and chemokine cellular signals
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